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<title>Fifth-generation programming language</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fifth-generation programming language</span></span>

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<p>A <b>fifth-generation programming language</b> (<b>5GL</b>) is a <a href="High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a> <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> based on problem-solving using constraints given to the program, rather than using an <a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> written by a programmer.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">constraint-based</a> and <a href="Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">logic programming</a> languages and some other <a href="Declarative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarative language">declarative languages</a> are fifth-generation languages.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>While <a href="Fourth-generation_programming_language" title="Fourth-generation programming language">fourth-generation programming languages</a> are designed to build specific programs, fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve a given problem without the programmer. This way, the user only needs to worry about what problems need to be solved and what conditions need to be met, without worrying about how to implement a routine or algorithm to solve them. Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> research. <a href="OPS5" title="OPS5">OPS5</a> and <a href="Mercury_(programming_language)" title="Mercury (programming language)">Mercury</a> are examples of fifth-generation languages,<sup id="cite_ref-bala_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bala-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is <a href="ICAD_(software)" title="ICAD (software)">ICAD</a>, which was built upon <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>. <a href="KL-ONE" title="KL-ONE">KL-ONE</a> is an example of a related idea, a <a href="Frame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame language">frame language</a>.

</p><p>In the 1980s, fifth-generation languages were considered to be the way of the future, and some predicted that they would replace procedural programming with constraint based programming for all tasks that could be framed as a series of logical constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most notably, from 1982 to 1993, <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ref1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ref2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> put much research and money into their <a href="Fifth_generation_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth generation computer">fifth-generation computer systems project</a>, hoping to design a massive computer network of machines using these tools.

</p><p>However, as larger programs were built, the flaws of the approach became more apparent. It turns out that, given a set of constraints defining a particular problem, deriving an efficient algorithm to solve it is a very difficult problem in itself. This crucial step cannot yet be automated and still requires the insight of a human programmer.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_misconception">Common misconception</h2></div>

<p>Vendors have been known on occasion to advertise their languages as 5GL. Most of the time they actually sell <a href="Fourth-generation_programming_language" title="Fourth-generation programming language">4GLs</a> with a higher level of automation and <a href="Knowledge_base" title="Knowledge base">knowledge base</a>. Because the hype of the 1980s faded away and the projects were eventually all dropped, 5GL awareness has also dropped; this has opened doors to the vendors to reuse the term in marketing their new tools, without causing much controversy among the current generations of programmers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">Constraint programming</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_programming_languages_for_artificial_intelligence" title="List of programming languages for artificial intelligence">List of programming languages for artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFDong2007" class="citation book cs1">Dong, Jielin, ed. (2007). <i>Network dictionary</i>. Saratoga, Calif.: Javvin Technologies, Inc. p. 195. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781602670006</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-bala-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bala_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Balagurusamy, <i>Fundamentals of Computers</i>, Mcgraw Hill Education (India), 2009, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0070141605</bdi>, p. 340</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKahanwal2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kahanwal, Brijender (4 October 2013). "A taxonomy for programming languages with multisequential processes". <i>International Journal of Programming Languages and Applications</i>. <b>3</b> (4). <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.3293">1311.3293</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5121%2Fijpla.2013.3401">10.5121/ijpla.2013.3401</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Ref1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ref1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Grigonis" class="citation web cs1">Richard Grigonis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/fifth_generation.php">"FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Ref2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ref2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFALP" class="citation web cs1">ALP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logicprogramming.org/">"Association for Logic Programming (ALP)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2007" class="citation web cs1">Howard, Philip (17 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/01/17/5gl/">"What makes a 5GL?"</a>. <i>The Register</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Types_of_programming_languages107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Types of programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Machine_code" title="Machine code">Machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">Compiled</a></li>

<li><a href="Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">Interpreted</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Low-level_programming_language" title="Low-level programming language">Low-level</a></li>

<li><a href="High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">High-level</a></li>

<li><a href="Very_high-level_programming_language" title="Very high-level programming language">Very high-level</a></li>

<li><a href="Esoteric_programming_language" title="Esoteric programming language">Esoteric</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language_generations" title="Programming language generations">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="First-generation_programming_language" title="First-generation programming language">First</a></li>

<li><a href="Second-generation_programming_language" title="Second-generation programming language">Second</a></li>

<li><a href="Third-generation_programming_language" title="Third-generation programming language">Third</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth-generation_programming_language" title="Fourth-generation programming language">Fourth</a></li>

</ul>

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